Wisdom hasn't come a step further since Epicurus but has often gone many thousands of steps backwards.Epicurus of Samos (341-270 B.C.) and his philosophy have been controversial for over two millennia. One reason is our tendency to reject pleasure as a moral good. We usually think of charity, compassion, humility, wisdom, honor, justice, and other virtues as morally good and pleasure as, at best, morally neutral, but for Epicurus, behavior in pursuit of pleasure assured an upright life.
Friedrich Nietzsche [www.epicureans.org/epitalk.htm. August 4, 1998.]
It is impossible to live a pleasant life without living wisely and honorably and justly, and it is impossible to live wisely and honorably and justly without living pleasantly. Whenever any one of these is lacking, when, for instance, the man is not able to live wisely, though he lives honorably and justly, it is impossible for him to live a pleasant life.
By Epicurus, from Principal Doctrines
Hedonism is what many of us think of when we hear his name, but ataraxia, the experience of optimal, enduring pleasure, is what we should associate with the atomist philosopher. He says we should not try to increase our pleasure beyond the point of maximum intensity.
Think of it in terms of eating. If you're hungry, there's pain. If you eat to fill the hunger, you feel good and are behaving in accordance with Epicureanism, but if you gorge yourself, you again experience pain.
The magnitude of pleasure reaches its limit in the removal of all pain. When such pleasure is present, so long as it is uninterrupted, there is no pain either of body or of mind or of both together.
Ibid.
[Stoicism and Epicureanism URL = <moon.pepperdine.edu/gsep/ class/ethics/stoicism/default.html> 08/04/98] According to Dr. J. Chander in his course notes on Stoicism and Epicureanism, for Epicurus extravagance leads to pain, not pleasure; and, therefore, should be avoided.
[Hedonism and the Happy Life: The Epicurean Theory of Pleasure URL = <www.epicureans.org/intro.htm> 08/04/98]
Sensual pleasures move us towards ataraxia which is pleasing in itself. We should not pursue endless stimulation, but rather seek out enduring satiation.
All desires that do not lead to pain when they remain unsatisfied are unnecessary, but the desire is easily got rid of, when the thing desired is difficult to obtain or the desires seem likely to produce harm.
Ibid.
Sources
While [Epicurus.Org URL = <www.epicureans.org/epicurus.htm> 08/04/98] Epicurus may have written as many as 300 books, we only have portions of Principal Doctrines, Vatican Sayings, three letters, and fragments. Cicero, Seneca, Plutarch and Lucretius provide some information, but most of what else we know about Epicurus comes from Diogenes Laertius whose account shows great controversy surrounding the philosopher's lifestyle and ideas.Despite the loss of Epicurus' original writings, Steven Sparks [Hedonists' Weblog URL = <www.epicurus.com/epitalk.htm> 08/04/98] says "his philosophy was so consistent that Epicureanism can still be pieced together into a complete philosophy."
[Epicurean Classics. URL = <www.creative.net/~epicurus/classics.html> 08/04/98]
Works on Epicureanism by supporters and detractors: Epicurus, Diogenes Laertius, Lucretius, Cicero, Horace, Lucian, Cornelius Nepos, Plutarch, Lactantius, and Origen.
The Spread of Epicureanism
Stranger, here you will do well to tarry; here our highest good is pleasure. The caretaker of that abode, a kindly host, will be ready for you; he will welcome you with bread, and serve you water also in abundance, with these words: "Have you not been well entertained? This garden does not whet your appetite; but quenches it."
[Gate Inscription at Epicurus' Garden. URL = <www.creative.net/ ~epicurus/history.html#A>. August 4, 1998.]
According to The Intellectual Development and Spread of Epicureanism [URL = <www.creative.net/~epicurus/history.html#B>. August 4, 1998.], Epicurus guaranteed survival of his school (The Garden) in his will. Challenges from competing Hellenistic philosophies, notably, Stoicism and Skepticism, "spurred Epicureans to develop some of their doctrines in much greater detail, notably their epistemology and some of their ethical theories, especially their theories concerning friendship and virtue."
In 155 B.C., Athens exported some of its leading philosophers to Rome where Epicureanism, in particular, offended conservatives like Marcus Porcius Cato. Eventually, however, Epicureanism took root in Rome and can be found in the poets, Vergil, Horace, and Lucretius.
More recently, Thomas Jefferson was an Epicurean. In his 1819 Letter to William Short, Jefferson points up the shortcomings of other philosophies and the virtues of Epicureanism. The letter also contains a short Syllabus of the doctrines of Epicurus.
