Adverbs as Particles: Adverbs, prepostions, conjunctions, and interjections are called particles. Adverbs in Latin, as in English, modify other words in the sentence, especially verbs. Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs. In English, the ending "-ly," added to an adjective, makes it easy to identify many adverbs: He walked slowly - where slowly modifies the word walked, and where slow is the adjective.
Regular Formations of Adverbs from Adjectives:
In Latin, some adverbs are formed by adding an ending to an adjective.For first and second declension adjectives, a long -e replaces the ending. Instead of the adjective carus, -a, -um (dear), the adverb is care. To adjectives from the third declension, ter is added. From the adjective fortis (brave), the adverb form is fortiter. The neuter accusative of some adjectives is also the adverb. Multum (many) becomes multum (much) as an adverb. The formation of other adverbs is more complicated.
In Latin, some adverbs are formed by adding an ending to an adjective.
Some Adverbs of Time: quando? when?
cum when tum then mox presently iam already dum while
iam pridem long ago
primum first
deinde next after
postremo finally
postquam as soon as
numquam never
saepe often
cotidie every day
nondum not yet
crebro frequently
pridie the day before
semper always
umqam ever
denique at last
Adverbs of Place: hic here huc hither hinc from here
ibi there eo thither, to there
illic there quo whither unde whence
ubi where undique from everywhere
ibidem in the same place eodem to the same place
quovis anywhere usque all the way to intro inwardly
nusquam nowhere porro further on citro to this side
Adverbs of Manner, Degree, or Cause: quam how, as
tam so
quamvis however much magis more paene almost
valde greatly
cur why
quare why
ergo therefore
propterea because, on this account
ita so
sic so
ut as, how
vix hardly
Interrogative Particles: whether:
an, -ne, utrum, utrumne, num
whether not
nonne, annon
whether at all
numquid, ecquid
Negative Particles: not non, haud, minime, ne, nec
lest ne
nor neque, nec
not only ... but also non modo ... verum/sed etiam
not only not ... but not even non modo ... sed ne ... quidem
not even ne ... quidem
if not si minus
so as not quo minus, quominus
why not? quin
Comparison of Adverbs: To form the comparative of an adverb (e.g. slower instead of slowly), take the neuter accusative of the adjectival form. There are also irregular comparative forms. The superlative is formed from the superlative of the adjective, ending in -e.
