Latin Adverbs

Adverbs as Particles:

Adverbs, prepostions, conjunctions, and interjections are called particles. Adverbs in Latin, as in English, modify other words in the sentence, especially verbs. Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs. In English, the ending "-ly," added to an adjective, makes it easy to identify many adverbs: He walked slowly - where slowly modifies the word walked, and where slow is the adjective. Latin adverbs provide information in a sentence about manner, degree, cause, place, or time.

Regular Formations of Adverbs from Adjectives:

In Latin, some adverbs are formed by adding an ending to an adjective.

For first and second declension adjectives, a long -e replaces the ending. Instead of the adjective carus, -a, -um (dear), the adverb is care.

To adjectives from the third declension, -ter is added. From the adjective fortis 'brave', the adverb form is fortiter.

The neuter accusative of some adjectives is also the adverb. Multum 'many' becomes multum 'much' as an adverb.

The formation of other adverbs is more complicated.

Some Adverbs of Time:

quando? when?

cum when

tum then

mox presently, soon

iam already

dum while

iam pridem long ago

primum first

deinde next after

hodie today

heri yesterday

nunc now

postremo finally

postquam as soon as

numquam never

saepe often

cotidie every day

nondum not yet

crebro frequently

pridie the day before

semper always

umqam ever

denique at last

Adverbs of Place:

hic here

huc hither

hinc from here

ibi there

eo thither, to there

illic there

quo whither

unde whence

ubi where

undique from everywhere

ibidem in the same place

eodem to the same place

quovis anywhere

usque all the way to

intro inwardly

nusquam nowhere

porro further on

citro to this side

Adverbs of Manner, Degree, or Cause:

quam how, as

tam so

quamvis however much

magis more

paene almost

valde greatly

cur why

quare why

ergo therefore

propterea because, on this account

ita so

sic so

ut as, how

vix hardly

Interrogative Particles:

whether: an, -ne, utrum, utrumne, num

whether not nonne, annon

whether at all numquid, ecquid

Negative Particles:

not non, haud, minime, ne, nec

lest ne

nor neque, nec

not only ... but also non modo ... verum/sed etiam

not only not ... but not even non modo ... sed ne ... quidem

not even ne ... quidem

if not si minus

so as not quo minus, quominus

why not? quin

Comparison of Adverbs:

To form the comparative of an adverb (e.g. slower instead of slowly), take the neuter accusative of the adjectival form.

• clarus, clara, clarum, clear (adjective, m,f, and n)
• clarior, clarius, clearer (adjective in the comparative, m/f and n)
• clare, clearly (adverb)
• clarius, more clearly (adverb in the comparative)

There are also irregular comparative forms. The superlative is formed from the superlative of the adjective, ending in -e.

• clarissimus, -a, -um, most clear (superlative adjective, m, f, and n)
• clarissime, most clearly (superlative adverb)

Source:

Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar