Indicative Mood:
The indicative mood "indicates" a fact. The fact can be a belief and need not be true. "He sleeps," is in the indicative. Neither "Go to sleep!" nor "He may be sleeping" are in the indicative.
The indicative mood "indicates" a fact. The fact can be a belief and need not be true. "He sleeps," is in the indicative. Neither "Go to sleep!" nor "He may be sleeping" are in the indicative.
Imperative Mood:
Normally, the imperative mood is used for direct commands (orders) like, "Go to sleep!". The imperative is formed by removing the "-re" ending of the present infinitive. When ordering two or more, add -"te." For third conjugation verbs, the "e" before the dropped "re" is changed to an "i." Thus, the plural imperative of mittere is mittite. There are some irregular imperatives. The negative ("Don't ...!) is conveyed by the addition of "noli" in the singular and "nolite" in the plural.
Normally, the imperative mood is used for direct commands (orders) like, "Go to sleep!". The imperative is formed by removing the "-re" ending of the present infinitive. When ordering two or more, add -"te." For third conjugation verbs, the "e" before the dropped "re" is changed to an "i." Thus, the plural imperative of mittere is mittite. There are some irregular imperatives. The negative ("Don't ...!) is conveyed by the addition of "noli" in the singular and "nolite" in the plural.
Subjunctive Mood:
The subjunctive mood is tricky. Part of this is because in English we are rarely aware of when we are using the subjunctive. Chances are when the auxiliary verbs may (as in "He may be sleeping"), can, must, might, could, and would appear in an English sentence, the verb is in the subjunctive. Latin uses subjunctive in other instances, as well.
The subjunctive mood is tricky. Part of this is because in English we are rarely aware of when we are using the subjunctive. Chances are when the auxiliary verbs may (as in "He may be sleeping"), can, must, might, could, and would appear in an English sentence, the verb is in the subjunctive. Latin uses subjunctive in other instances, as well.
Hotatory and Iussive Subjunctive - Independent Clause:
In an independent Latin clause, the hortatory subjunctive is used when there is not "ut" or "ne" and an action is being urged. Usually, the hortatory subjunctive is in the first person plural present.
In the second or the third person, the iussive subjunctive is usually used. "Let" is generally the key element in translating into English. Let's go would be hortatory. Let him play would be iussive.
In an independent Latin clause, the hortatory subjunctive is used when there is not "ut" or "ne" and an action is being urged. Usually, the hortatory subjunctive is in the first person plural present.
In the second or the third person, the iussive subjunctive is usually used. "Let" is generally the key element in translating into English. Let's go would be hortatory. Let him play would be iussive.
Purpose Clause in the Subjunctive - Dependent Clause: Introduced by ut or ne in a dependent clause. Relative clause of purpose is introduced by a relative pronoun (qui, quae, quod).
Result Clause in the Subjunctive - Dependent Clause:
Introduced by ut or ut non. The main clause should have a tam, ita, sic, or tantus, -a, -um.
Introduced by ut or ut non. The main clause should have a tam, ita, sic, or tantus, -a, -um.
Indirect Question in the Subjunctive:
Indirect questions after verbs of knowing, introduced by interrogative words.
Indirect questions after verbs of knowing, introduced by interrogative words.
Cum Circumstantial and Causal:
Cum circumstantial is a dependent clause where the word cum is translated when or while and explains the circumstances of the main clause. When cum is causal, it is translated as since or because and explains the reason for the action of the main clause.
Cum circumstantial is a dependent clause where the word cum is translated when or while and explains the circumstances of the main clause. When cum is causal, it is translated as since or because and explains the reason for the action of the main clause.
There are other uses for the Subjunctive.
