History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon, Esq.
With notes by the Rev. H. H. Milman
Vol. 2
1782 (Written), 1845 (Revised)
Chapter XXIII: Reign of Julian. -- Part
III.
In the midst of a rocky and barren country, the walls of
Jerusalem enclosed the two mountains of Sion and Acra, within an
oval figure of about three English miles. Towards the south, the
upper town, and the fortress of David, were erected on the lofty
ascent of Mount Sion: on the north side, the buildings of the
lower town covered the spacious summit of Mount Acra; and a part
of the hill, distinguished by the name of Moriah, and levelled by
human industry, was crowned with the stately temple of the Jewish
nation. After the final destruction of the temple by the arms of
Titus and Hadrian, a ploughshare was drawn over the consecrated
ground, as a sign of perpetual interdiction. Sion was deserted;
and the vacant space of the lower city was filled with the public
and private edifices of the Aelian colony, which spread
themselves over the adjacent hill of Calvary. The holy places
were polluted with mountains of idolatry; and, either from design
or accident, a chapel was dedicated to Venus, on the spot which
had been sanctified by the death and resurrection of Christ. *
Almost three hundred years after those stupendous events, the
profane chapel of Venus was demolished by the order of
Constantine; and the removal of the earth and stones revealed the
holy sepulchre to the eyes of mankind. A magnificent church was
erected on that mystic ground, by the first Christian emperor;
and the effects of his pious munificence were extended to every
spot which had been consecrated by the footstep of patriarchs, of
prophets, and of the Son of God.
The passionate desire of contemplating the original monuments
of their redemption attracted to Jerusalem a successive crowd of
pilgrims, from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, and the most
distant countries of the East; and their piety was authorized by
the example of the empress Helena, who appears to have united the
credulity of age with the warm feelings of a recent conversion.
Sages and heroes, who have visited the memorable scenes of
ancient wisdom or glory, have confessed the inspiration of the
genius of the place; and the Christian who knelt before the holy
sepulchre, ascribed his lively faith, and his fervent devotion,
to the more immediate influence of the Divine Spirit. The zeal,
perhaps the avarice, of the clergy of Jerusalem, cherished and
multiplied these beneficial visits. They fixed, by unquestionable
tradition, the scene of each memorable event. They exhibited the
instruments which had been used in the passion of Christ; the
nails and the lance that had pierced his hands, his feet, and his
side; the crown of thorns that was planted on his head; the
pillar at which he was scourged; and, above all, they showed the
cross on which he suffered, and which was dug out of the earth in
the reign of those princes, who inserted the symbol of
Christianity in the banners of the Roman legions. Such miracles
as seemed necessary to account for its extraordinary
preservation, and seasonable discovery, were gradually propagated
without opposition. The custody of the true
cross, which on Easter Sunday was solemnly exposed
to the people, was intrusted to the bishop of Jerusalem; and he
alone might gratify the curious devotion of the pilgrims, by the
gift of small pieces, which they encased in gold or gems, and
carried away in triumph to their respective countries. But as
this gainful branch of commerce must soon have been annihilated,
it was found convenient to suppose, that the marvelous wood
possessed a secret power of vegetation; and that its substance,
though continually diminished, still remained entire and
unimpaired. It might perhaps have been expected, that the
influence of the place and the belief of a perpetual miracle,
should have produced some salutary effects on the morals, as well
as on the faith, of the people. Yet the most respectable of the
ecclesiastical writers have been obliged to confess, not only
that the streets of Jerusalem were filled with the incessant
tumult of business and pleasure, but that every species of vice
-- adultery, theft, idolatry, poisoning, murder -- was familiar
to the inhabitants of the holy city. The wealth and preeminence
of the church of Jerusalem excited the ambition of Arian, as well
as orthodox, candidates; and the virtues of Cyril, who, since his
death, has been honored with the title of Saint, were displayed
in the exercise, rather than in the acquisition, of his episcopal
dignity.
The vain and ambitious mind of Julian might aspire to restore
the ancient glory of the temple of Jerusalem. As the Christians
were firmly persuaded that a sentence of everlasting destruction
had been pronounced against the whole fabric of the Mosaic law,
the Imperial sophist would have converted the success of his
undertaking into a specious argument against the faith of
prophecy, and the truth of revelation. He was displeased with the
spiritual worship of the synagogue; but he approved the
institutions of Moses, who had not disdained to adopt many of the
rites and ceremonies of Egypt. The local and national deity of
the Jews was sincerely adored by a polytheist, who desired only
to multiply the number of the gods; and such was the appetite of
Julian for bloody sacrifice, that his emulation might be excited
by the piety of Solomon, who had offered, at the feast of the
dedication, twenty-two thousand oxen, and one hundred and twenty
thousand sheep. These considerations might influence his designs;
but the prospect of an immediate and important advantage would
not suffer the impatient monarch to expect the remote and
uncertain event of the Persian war. He resolved to erect, without
delay, on the commanding eminence of Moriah, a stately temple,
which might eclipse the splendor of the church of the
resurrection on the adjacent hill of Calvary; to establish an
order of priests, whose interested zeal would detect the arts,
and resist the ambition, of their Christian rivals; and to invite
a numerous colony of Jews, whose stern fanaticism would be always
prepared to second, and even to anticipate, the hostile measures
of the Pagan government. Among the friends of the emperor (if the
names of emperor, and of friend, are not incompatible) the first
place was assigned, by Julian himself, to the virtuous and
learned Alypius. The humanity of Alypius was tempered by severe
justice and manly fortitude; and while he exercised his abilities
in the civil administration of Britain, he imitated, in his
poetical compositions, the harmony and softness of the odes of
Sappho. This minister, to whom Julian communicated, without
reserve, his most careless levities, and his most serious
counsels, received an extraordinary commission to restore, in its
pristine beauty, the temple of Jerusalem; and the diligence of
Alypius required and obtained the strenuous support of the
governor of Palestine. At the call of their great deliverer, the
Jews, from all the provinces of the empire, assembled on the holy
mountain of their fathers; and their insolent triumph alarmed and
exasperated the Christian inhabitants of Jerusalem. The desire of
rebuilding the temple has in every age been the ruling passion of
the children of Israel. In this propitious moment the men
forgot their avarice, and the women their delicacy; spades and
pickaxes of silver were provided by the vanity of the rich, and
the rubbish was transported in mantles of silk and purple. Every
purse was opened in liberal contributions, every hand claimed a
share in the pious labor, and the commands of a great monarch
were executed by the enthusiasm of a whole people.
Yet, on this occasion, the joint efforts of power and enthusiasm were unsuccessful; and the ground of the Jewish temple, which is now covered by a Mahometan mosque, still continued to exhibit the same edifying spectacle of ruin and desolation. Perhaps the absence and death of the emperor, and the new maxims of a Christian reign, might explain the interruption of an arduous work, which was attempted only in the last six months of the life of Julian. But the Christians entertained a natural and pious expectation, that, in this memorable contest, the honor of religion would be vindicated by some signal miracle. An earthquake, a whirlwind, and a fiery eruption, which overturned and scattered the new foundations of the temple, are attested, with some variations, by contemporary and respectable evidence. This public event is described by Ambrose, bishop of Milan, in an epistle to the emperor Theodosius, which must provoke the severe animadversion of the Jews; by the eloquent Chrysostom, who might appeal to the memory of the elder part of his congregation at Antioch; and by Gregory Nazianzen, who published his account of the miracle before the expiration of the same year. The last of these writers has boldly declared, that this preternatural event was not disputed by the infidels; and his assertion, strange as it may seem is confirmed by the unexceptionable testimony of Ammianus Marcellinus. The philosophic soldier, who loved the virtues, without adopting the prejudices, of his master, has recorded, in his judicious and candid history of his own times, the extraordinary obstacles which interrupted the restoration of the temple of Jerusalem. "Whilst Alypius, assisted by the governor of the province, urged, with vigor and diligence, the execution of the work, horrible balls of fire breaking out near the foundations, with frequent and reiterated attacks, rendered the place, from time to time, inaccessible to the scorched and blasted workmen; and the victorious element continuing in this manner obstinately and resolutely bent, as it were, to drive them to a distance, the undertaking was abandoned." * Such authority should satisfy a believing, and must astonish an incredulous, mind. Yet a philosopher may still require the original evidence of impartial and intelligent spectators. At this important crisis, any singular accident of nature would assume the appearance, and produce the effects of a real prodigy. This glorious deliverance would be speedily improved and magnified by the pious art of the clergy of Jerusalem, and the active credulity of the Christian world and, at the distance of twenty years, a Roman historian, care less of theological disputes, might adorn his work with the specious and splendid miracle.
