BY

EDWARD CONYBEARE

WITH MAP

1903

CONTENTS

§  A.

-- Palaeolithic Age -- Extinct fauna -- River-bed men -- Flint implements -- Burnt stones -- Worked bones -- Glacial climate

§  B.

-- Neolithic Age -- "Ugrians" -- Polished flints -- Jadite -- Gold ornaments -- Cromlechs -- Forts -- Bronze Age -- Copper and tin -- Stonehenge

§  C.

-- Aryan immigrants -- Gael and Briton -- Earliest classical nomenclature -- British Isles -- Albion -- Ierne -- Cassiterides -- Phoenician tin trade viâ Cadiz

§  D.

-- Discoveries of Pytheas -- Greek tin trade viâ Marseilles -- Trade routes -- Ingots -- Coracles -- Earliest British coins -- Lead-mining

§  E.

-- Pytheas trustworthy -- His notes on Britain -- Agricultural tribes -- Barns -- Manures -- Dene Holes -- Mead -- Beer -- Parched corn -- Pottery -- Mill-stones -- Villages -- Cattle -- Pastoral tribes -- Savage tribes -- Cannibalism -- Polyandry -- Beasts of chase -- Forest trees -- British clothing and arms -- Sussex iron

§  F.

-- Celtic types -- "Roy" and "Dhu" -- Gael -- Silurians -- Loegrians -- Basque peoples -- Shifting of clans -- Constitutional disturbances -- Monarchy -- Oligarchy -- Demagogues -- First inscribed coins

§  G.

-- Clans at Julian invasion -- Permanent natural boundaries -- Population Celtic settlements -- "Duns" -- Maiden Castle

§  H.

-- Religious state of Britain -- Illustrated by Hindooism -- Totemists -- Polytheists -- Druids -- Bards -- Seers -- Druidic Deities -- Mistletoe -- Sacred herbs -- "Ovum Anguinum" -- Suppression of Druidism -- Druidism and Christianity

B.C. 55, 54

§  A.

-- Caesar and Britain -- Breakdown of Roman Republican institutions -- Corruption abroad and at home -- Rise of Caesar  Conquest of Gaul

§  B.

-- Sea-fight with Veneti and Britons -- Pretexts for invading Britain -- British dominion of Divitiacus -- Gallic tribes in Britain -- Atrebates -- Commius

§  C.

-- Defeat of Germans -- Bridge over Rhine -- Caesar's army -- Dread of ocean -- Fleet at Boulogne -- Commius sent to Britain -- Channel crossed -- Attempt on Dover -- Landing at Deal -- Legionary sentiment -- British army dispersed

§  D.

-- Wreck of fleet -- Fresh British levy -- Fight in corn-field -- British chariots -- Attack on camp -- Romans driven into sea

§  E.

-- Caesar worsted -- New fleet built -- Caesar at Rome -- Cicero -- Expedition of 54 B.C. -- Unopposed landing -- Pro-Roman Britons -- Trinobantes -- Mandubratius -- British army surprised -- "Old England's Hole"

§  F.

-- Fleet again wrecked -- Britons rally under Caswallon -- Battle of Barham Down -- Britons fly to London -- Origin of London -- Patriot army dispersed

§  G.

-- Passage of Thames -- Submission of clans -- Storm of Verulam -- Last patriot effort in Kent -- Submission of Caswallon -- Romans leave Britain -- "Caesar Divus"

B.C. 54-A.D. 85

§  A.

-- Britain after Julius Caesar -- House of Commius -- Inscribed coins -- House of Cymbeline -- Tasciovan -- Commians overthrown -- Vain appeal to Augustus -- Ancyran Tablet -- Romano-British trade -- Lead-mining -- British fashions in Rome -- Adminius banished by Cymbeline -- Appeal to Caligula -- Futile demonstration -- Icenian civil war -- Vericus banished -- Appeal to Claudius -- Invasion prepared

§  B.

-- Aulus Plautius -- Reluctance to embark -- Narcissus -- Passage of Channel -- Landing at Portchester -- Strength of expedition -- Vespasian's legion -- British defeats -- Line of Thames held -- Arrival of Claudius -- Camelodune taken -- General submission of island

§  C.

-- Claudius triumphs -- Gladiatorial shows -- Last stand of Britons -- Gallantry of Titus -- Ovation of Plautius -- Distinctions bestowed -- Triumphal arch -- Commemorative coinage -- Conciliatory policy -- British worship of Claudius -- Cogidubnus -- Attitude of clans -- Britain made Imperial province

§  D.

-- Ostorius Pro-praetor -- Pacification of Midlands -- Icenian revolt -- The Fleam Dyke -- Iceni crushed -- Cangi -- Brigantes -- Silurian war -- Storm of Caer Caradoc -- Treachery of Cartismandua -- Caradoc at Rome -- Death of Ostorius -- Uriconium and Caerleon -- Britain quieted -- Death of Claudius

§  E.

-- Neronian misgovernment -- Seneca -- Prasutagus -- Boadicean revolt -- Sack of Camelodune -- Suetonius in Mona -- Druidesses -- Sack of London and Verulam -- Boadicea crushed at Battle Bridge -- Peace of Petronius

§  F.

-- Otho and Vitellius -- Civil war -- Army of Britain -- Priscus -- Agricola -- Vespasian Emperor -- Cerealis -- Brigantes put down -- Silurians put down -- Agricola Pro-praetor -- Ordovices put down -- Frontinus -- Pacification of South Britain -- Roman civilization introduced -- Caledonian campaign -- Galgacus -- Agricola's rampart -- Domitian -- Resignation and death of Agricola

A.D. 85-211

§  A.

-- Pacification of Britain -- Roman roads -- London their centre -- Authority for names -- Watling Street -- Ermine Street -- Icknield Way

§  B.

-- Romano-British towns -- Ancient lists -- Method of identification -- Dense rural population -- Remains in Cam valley -- Coins -- Thimbles -- Horseshoes

§  C.

-- Fortification of towns late -- Chief Roman centres -- London -- York -- Chester -- Bath -- Silchester -- Remains there found -- Romano-British handicrafts -- Pottery -- Basket-work -- Mining -- Rural life -- Villas -- Forests -- Hunting-dogs -- Husbandry -- Britain under Pax Romana

§  D.

-- The unconquered North -- Hadrian's Wall -- Upper and Lower Britain -- Romano-British coinage -- Wall of Antoninus -- Britain Pro-consular

§  E.

-- Commodus Britannicus -- Ulpius Marcellus -- Murder of Perennis -- Era of military turbulence -- Pertinax -- Albinus -- British army defeated at Lyons -- Severus Emperor -- Caledonian war -- Severus overruns Highlands

§  F.

-- Severus completes Hadrian's Wall -- "Mile Castles" -- "Stations" -- Garrison -- The Vallum -- Rival theories -- Evidence -- Remains -- Coins -- Altars -- Mithraism -- Inscription to Julia Domna -- "Written Rock" on Gelt -- Cilurnum aqueduct

§  G.

-- Death of Severus -- Caracalla and Geta -- Roman citizenship -- Extension to veterans -- Tabulae honestae missionis -- Bestowed on all British provincials

A.D. 211-455

§  A.

-- Era of Pretenders -- Probus -- Vandlebury -- First notice of Saxons -- Origin of name -- Count of the Saxon Shore -- Carausius -- Allectus -- Last Romano-British coinage -- Britain Mistress of the Sea -- Reforms of Diocletian -- Constantius Chlorus -- Re-conquest of Britain -- Diocletian provinces -- Diocletian persecution -- The last "Divus" -- General scramble for Empire -- British army wins for Constantine -- Christianity established

§  B.

-- Spread of Gospel -- Arianism -- Britain orthodox -- Last Imperial visit -- Heathen temples stripped -- British Emperors -- Magnentius -- Gratian -- Julian -- British corn-trade -- First inroad of Picts and Scots -- Valentinian -- Saxon raids -- Campaign of Theodosius -- Re-conquest of Valentia -- Wall restored and cities fortified

§ C.

-- Roman evacuation of Britain begun -- Maximus -- Settlement of Brittany -- Radagaisus invades Italy -- Twentieth Legion leaves Britain -- Britain in the 'Notitia' -- Final effort of British army -- The last Constantine -- Last Imperial Rescript to Britain -- Sack of Rome by Alaric -- Final collapse of Roman rule in Britain

§  D.

-- Beginning of English Conquest -- Vortigern -- Jutes in Thanet -- Battle of Stamford -- Massacre of Britons -- Valentinian III. -- Latest Roman coin found in Britain -- Progress of Conquest -- The Cymry -- Survival of Romano-British titles -- Arturian Romances -- Procopius -- Belisarius -- Roman claims revived by Charlemagne -- The British Empire

§  E.

-- Survivals of Romano-British civilization -- Romano-British Church -- Legends of its origin -- St. Paul -- St. Peter -- Joseph of Arimathaea -- Glastonbury -- Historical notices -- Claudia and Pudens -- Pomponia -- Church of St. Pudentiana -- Patristic references to Britain -- Tertullian -- Origen -- Legend of Lucius -- Native Christianity -- British Bishops at Councils -- Testimony of Chrysostom and Jerome

§  F.

-- British missionaries -- Ninias -- Patrick -- Beatus -- British heresiarchs -- Pelagius -- Fastidius -- Pelagianism stamped out by Germanus -- The Alleluia Battle -- Romano-British churches -- Why so seldom found -- Conclusion

ROMAN BRITAIN

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