People on the periphery of the major Mediterranean civilizations and those peoples the Romans conquered.
Historical maps of ancient Greece.
The people who lived in Steppes were overwhelmingly horsemen. Many were at least semi-nomadic with herds of livestock, which accounts for the waves of occupants. Herodotus is one of our main literary sources for these tribes, but he isn't terribly reliable. There are also artifacts analyzed by archaeologists that have helped round out the picture.
Map showing the direction of migration of various "barbarian" groups and their language/language group.
Rome Fought the Tribes of Spain (Hispania) in Various Spanish Wars from the 3rd to 1st Centuries B.C.
Procopius begins this section of Book III of the Vandalic Wars with the alliance of the Visigoths with Alaric. His description of the sack has interesting anecdotes, including one about the emperor's response to the sacking of Rome. By this time, the emperor was in no physical danger from the sacking since he made his home elsewhere.
An Oxford translation in the Public Domain of the Germany or Germania, by Tacitus.
In the Teutoberg Forest disaster of A.D. 9, 3 Roman legions were annihilated by German tribes. Peter S. Wells' very clearly written
The Battle That Stopped Rome - Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoberg Forest is a valuable tool for understanding the period.
The Proto-Thracians were the ancestors of the modern Thracians who live in southeast Europe in southern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and Western Turkey.
The early history of Azerbaijan was spent being passed into the hands of a succession of foreign rulers.
Artifacts from this area of modern Turkey go back 7000 years.
The Huns and other Hungarian, Turkish, and Mongol tribes along the Steppes.
Carthage compensated for its loss of Sicily by rebuilding a commercial empire in Spain. Later, Iberian resistance to the Romans was fierce and prolonged, so it was not until 19 B.C. that the Roman Emperor Augustus was able to complete the conquest of Spain.
Chronology of events in Britain, Gaul, Germania, and among the tribal, migrating groups of ancient Europe.
