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Hypatia of Alexandria was a famous philosopher of Egypt who ran into trouble with the Christian Church.

Galen, a Greek doctor, was a prolific writer who wrote on medicine and philosophy.

Heraclitus was an elitist philosopher from Ephesus who is known for his philosophy of flux.

Hippocrates was a Greek doctor who looked for medical rather than religious reasons for ailments.

Chinese philosopher and one of the possible founders of Taoism, Lao-Tse was a contemporary of another famous Chinese philosopher, Kung Fu Tse (Confucius). Here you'll find his Te Tao Ching translated into English.

Leucippus was one of the Pre-Socratic philosophers who developed the atomist theory. He worked with Democritus of Abdera as either his colleague or teacher.

The Meditations are philosophical writing by Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Glossary entry on Musonius Rufus.