Who Was Hadrian?: Hadrian (r. A.D. 117-138) was a Roman emperor known for his many building projects, cities named Hadrianopolis (Adrianopolis) after him, and the famous wall across Britain, from Tyne to Solway, designed to keep the barbarians out of Roman Britain (see map of Roman Britain). Hadrian was one of the 5 good Roman emperors. Like Marcus Aurelius, he was influenced by the philosophy of the Stoics. He did not add to Trajan's expansion of the empire, but traveled around it. He also rectified tax situations and is said to have defended the weak against the strong. Hadrian was emperor during the Bar Kochba revolt in Judaea.
Occupation: Ruler
Family of Hadrian: The Augustan History says Hadrian's family was originally from Picenum (see map of Italy sections Gd-e), but more recently from Spain. Hadrian was the son of an ex-praetor, Aelius Hadrianus Afer, who was a cousin of the future Roman emperor Trajan. Hadrian's mother was Domitia Paulina and his wife was Sabina. Hadrian was born January 24, 76. His father died when he was 10. Trajan and Acilius Attianus (Caelium Tatianum) became his guardians.
Career Highlights of Hadrian: Towards the end of Domitian's reign, Hadrian was made a military tribune. He became quaestor in 101 and then became curator of the Acts of the Senate. He then went with Trajan to the Dacian Wars. He became tribune of the plebeians in 105, praetor in 107, in which position, with a healthy gift from Trajan, Hadrian put on games. He then went to Lower Pannonia as governor. He was first consul in 108.
Hadrian as Emperor 117-138: Cassius Dio says that it was through Hadrian's former guardian Attianus and Trajan's wife, Plotina, that Hadrian became emperor when Trajan died. Trajan had not designated Hadrian as successor, so it is possible that a plot was concocted. Before Trajan's death was made public, but possibly after the actual event, an announcement was made that Hadrian had been adopted. At the time, Hadrian was in Antioch, Syria, as governor. He apologized to the Senate for not having waited for their approval before taking on the important job of governing the Roman Empire.
Hadrian's Travels: Hadrian spent more time traveling throughout the empire than any other emperor. He was generous with the military and helped to reform it, including building garrisons and forts. He traveled to Britain where he initiated the project of building a protective wall (Hadrian's Wall) across Britain to keep the northern barbarians out.
When his supposed lover Antinous died in Egypt, Hadrian mourned deeply. The Greeks made Antinous a god and Hadrian named a city for him (Antinoopolis). He tried to settle the Jewish War, but started new problems when he built a temple to Jupiter on the site of the temple in Jerusalem.
Hadrian's Generosity: Hadrian gave large sums of money to communities and individuals. He allowed the children of proscribed individuals to inherit part of the estate. The Augustan History says he wouldn't take legacies from people he didn't know or from people with sons who could inherit. He wouldn't allow maiestas (treason) charges. He tried in many ways to live unassumingly, like a private citizens.
Hadrian outlawed masters' killing their slaves and (an important point for historical fiction writers) changed the law so that if a master was murdered at home, only those slaves who were nearby could be tortured for evidence.
Other Reforms: Hadrian changed the law so that a bankrupt would be flogged in the amphitheater and then released. He made the baths separate for men and women. He restored many building, including the pantheon, and moved Nero's colossus -- he also removed Nero's image from the enormous statue. When Hadrian traveled to other cities, he implement public works projects. Hadrian created the post of treasury counsel. He granted Latin rights to many communities and took away their obligation to pay tribute.
Hadrian's Death: Hadrian became ill, associated in the Augustan History with his refusal to cover his head in heat or cold. He had a lingering illness that made him long for death. When he couldn't persuade anyone to help him suicide, Dio Cassius says he took up indulgent eating and drinking. After he died (July 10, 138), the bad points of his life -- possible murders in the early years and then the final years -- kept the Senate from automatically granting him honors, but Antoninus, his successor, persuaded the Senate to award them. Antoninus is thought to have earned the name "Pius" for this act of (adopted) filial devotion.
Sources:
Cassius Dio - 69
Lives of the Later Caesars (Augustan History)
"The Legal Policy and Reforms of Hadrian," by Fritz Pringsheim. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 24. (1934), pp. 141-153.
Cassius Dio - 69
Lives of the Later Caesars (Augustan History)
"The Legal Policy and Reforms of Hadrian," by Fritz Pringsheim. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 24. (1934), pp. 141-153.
