Had it not been for the beauty of Helen, Hermione's mother, there would have been no Trojan War. Had it not been for their mothers, Jocasta and Clytemnestra, the heroes Oedipus and Orestes would have remained obscure. Mortal mothers of other legendary heroes had important (if lesser) roles in the ancient Greek epics of Homer and drama of the tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
1. Helen of Troy
Marie-Lan Nguyen/Wikimedia Commons.
The daughter of Zeus and Leda, Helen's beauty attracted attention even from a young age when Theseus carried her off and according to some accounts sired a daughter named Iphigenia on her. But it was Helen's marriage to Menelaus (through whom she became the mother of Hermione) and her abduction by Paris that led to the events of the Trojan War renowned in Homeric epic.
2. Jocasta
The mother of Oedipus, Jocasta (Iocaste), was married to Laius. An oracle warned the parents that their son would murder his father, so they ordered him killed. Oedipus survived, however, and returned to Thebes, where he unknowingly killed his father. He then married his mother, who bore him Eteocles, Polynices, Antigone, and Ismene. When they learned of their incest, Jocasta hanged herself.3. Clytemnestra
Public Domain. Courtesy of Bibi Saint-Pol at Wikipedia Commons.
Clytemnestra, the mother of Orestes, took Aegisthus as a lover while her husband Agamemnon was away fighting at Troy. When Agamemnon -- after having murdered their daughter Iphigenia -- returned (concubine Cassandra in tow), Clytemnestra murdered her husband. Orestes then murdered his mother and was pursued by the Furies for this crime, until the motherless goddess Athena intervened.
See House of Atreus tragedy.
See House of Atreus tragedy.
4. Agave
Marie-Lan Nguyen/Wikimedia Commons.
Agave was the mother of Pentheus, King of Thebes. She incurred Dionysus' wrath by refusing to recognize him as the son of Zeus. When Pentheus refused to give the god his due and even imprisoned him, Dionysus made the women celebrants (Maenads) delusional. Agave saw her son, but thought he was a beast, and tore him to pieces.
5. Andromache
Public Domain. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
6. Penelope
Public Domain. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
7. Alcmene
Public Domain. Courtesy of Wikipedia
Alcmene's story is unlike those of the other mothers. There was no particularly great sorrow for her. She was simply the mother of twin boys, born to different fathers. The one born to her husband, Amphytrion, was named Iphicles. The one born to what looked like Amphitryon, but was actually Zeus in disguise, was Hercules.
8. Medea
Public Domain. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
Alun Salt wrote "Wot, no Medea?" Alun has a point. Medea is the anti-mother, the woman who kills her two children when her mate abandons her for a wife who would improve his social position. Not only was Medea a member of that small club of horrendous lovelorn mothers who kill their own children, but she betrayed her father and brother, as well. Euripides' Medea tells her story.
